Health Systems Science
Health Care Economics & Policy
Last Updated: December 10, 2025Introduction Health care economics and policy represent critical domains within Health Systems Science that address the efficient allocation of resources, financial sustainability of health systems, and equitable access to care [1,2]. These disciplines integrate principles from economics, public health, and policy analysis to understand how health care systems function, how resources are distributed, and how...
Health Care Structures & Processes
Last Updated: December 10, 2025Introduction Health Systems Science (HSS) represents a foundational pillar of medical education and healthcare delivery, alongside basic and clinical sciences. At its core, HSS encompasses the study and understanding of how care is delivered, how health professionals work together, and how the health system can improve patient care [1]. Health Care Structures & Processes constitute...
Health Informatics
Last Updated: December 10, 2025Abstract Health informatics represents a transformative interdisciplinary field at the intersection of healthcare, information technology, and data science. This comprehensive review examines the current state, applications, and future directions of health informatics within the framework of health systems science. The article synthesizes current evidence on electronic health records, clinical decision support systems, telemedicine, health information...
High-Value Care and Patient Safety
Last Updated: December 10, 2025Introduction High-value care represents a fundamental principle in modern healthcare delivery, emphasizing the optimization of patient outcomes while minimizing unnecessary costs and potential harms [1]. This concept integrates quality improvement, patient safety, and cost-consciousness into clinical decision-making, forming a cornerstone of health systems science education and practice [2]. Patient safety, defined as the prevention of...
Leadership & Management
Last Updated: December 11, 2025Introduction Leadership and management represent critical competencies within health systems science, forming the foundation for effective healthcare delivery, organizational performance, and system-wide improvement [1,2]. As healthcare systems grow increasingly complex, the distinction between leadership—inspiring change and setting strategic direction—and management—organizing resources and executing operations—becomes essential for physicians and healthcare professionals [3,4]. Contemporary healthcare demands professionals...
Patient-Centered Care
Last Updated: December 11, 2025Introduction Patient-centered care (PCC) has emerged as a fundamental pillar of modern healthcare delivery and represents a paradigm shift from traditional disease-focused, paternalistic models toward approaches that integrate patients’ perspectives, needs, and experiences into every phase of medical consultation, treatment, and follow-up [1]. As healthcare systems worldwide evolve to address growing complexity, fragmentation, and persistent...
Systems Thinking
Last Updated: December 11, 2025Overview Systems thinking has emerged as a fundamental competency within health systems science, providing a framework for understanding and addressing the complexity inherent in modern healthcare delivery. This review examines the theoretical foundations, methodologies, tools, and applications of systems thinking in healthcare. Systems thinking recognizes healthcare as a complex adaptive system characterized by interconnections, feedback...
Teamwork & Communication
Last Updated: December 11, 2025Introduction Healthcare delivery is inherently collaborative, requiring diverse teams across various stages of patient care, from emergency teams delivering immediate care to multidisciplinary tumor boards conferring on long-term cancer treatment [1]. The effectiveness of healthcare depends fundamentally on successful teamwork and communication among professionals [2]. Inaccurate or untimely communication and ineffective teamwork in healthcare are...
Evidence-Based Medicine
Last Updated: December 11, 2025Introduction Evidence-based medicine (EBM) represents a paradigm shift in clinical practice that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to guide medical decision-making [1,2]. As a core component of health systems science, EBM provides the methodological foundation for delivering high-quality, cost-effective healthcare while reducing practice variation and improving patient outcomes...